JavaFXはTableColumnのセルの背景色を設定します

cellFactory列と行のインデックスに基づいて背景色を選択するを作成します。

例：

TableView<Item<String>> tableView = new TableView<>();
// sample item class contains a single property with the same type as the type parameter (String in this case)
tableView.getItems().addAll(
        new Item<>("1"),
        new Item<>("2"),
        new Item<>("4"),
        new Item<>("5"),
        new Item<>("6"),
        new Item<>("7"),
        new Item<>("8"),
        new Item<>("9")
);

// create columns
TableColumn<Item<String>, String> column1 = new TableColumn<>("value");
TableColumn<Item<String>, Void> column2 = new TableColumn<>();
tableView.getColumns().addAll(column1, column2);

// create list of colors (CSS)
final List<String> colors = Arrays.asList(
        "blue",
        "green",
        "red",
        "violet",
        "yellow",
        ...
);

Callback factory = new Callback<TableColumn<Item<String>, Object>, TableCell<Item<String>, Object>>() {

    private int columns = tableView.getColumns().size();

    @Override
    public TableCell<Item<String>, Object> call(TableColumn<Item<String>, Object> param) {
        return new TableCell<Item<String>, Object>() {

            private int columnIndex = param.getTableView().getColumns().indexOf(param);

            @Override
            public void updateIndex(int i) {
                super.updateIndex(i);
                // select color based on index of row/column
                if (i >= 0) {
                    // select color repeating the color, if we run out of colors
                    String color = colors.get((i * columns + columnIndex) % colors.size());
                    this.setStyle("-fx-my-cell-background: " + color + ";");
                    System.out.println(getStyle());
                }
            }

            @Override
            protected void updateItem(Object item, boolean empty) {
                super.updateItem(item, empty);

                // assign item's toString value as text
                if (empty || item == null) {
                    setText(null);
                } else {
                    setText(item.toString());
                }
            }

        };
    }

};

column1.setCellValueFactory(new PropertyValueFactory<>("value"));
column1.setCellFactory(factory);
column2.setCellFactory(factory);

Scene scene = new Scene(tableView);
scene.getStylesheets().add(getClass().getResource("style.css").toExternalForm());

有効なCSSカラー文字列については、https：//docs.oracle.com/javase/8/javafx/api/javafx/scene/doc-files/cssref.html#typecolorで説明しています。

style.css

.table-cell:filled {
    -fx-background-color: -fx-my-cell-background;
}

.table-view:row-selection .table-row-cell:selected .table-cell {
    -fx-background-color: null;
}

.table-view:cell-selection .table-cell:selected {
    -fx-background-color: -fx-table-cell-border-color, -fx-background;
}