16.04にdockerをインストールする際の問題：「Dockerアプリケーションコンテナエンジンの起動に失敗しました。」

Ubuntu 16.04にdockerをインストールしようとすると、以下のエラーが発生します。何が間違っているのか、それを修正する方法についての提案はありますか？

Job for docker.service failed because the control process exited with error code. See "systemctl status docker.service" and "journalctl -xe" for details.
invoke-rc.d: initscript docker, action "start" failed.
● docker.service - Docker Application Container Engine
   Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/docker.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
   Active: activating (auto-restart) (Result: exit-code) since Fri 2017-07-28 12:39:11 CEST; 9ms ago
     Docs: https://docs.docker.com
  Process: 15533 ExecStart=/usr/bin/dockerd -H fd:// (code=exited, status=1/FAILURE)
 Main PID: 15533 (code=exited, status=1/FAILURE)

Jul 28 12:39:11 jonas-X555LAB systemd[1]: Failed to start Docker Application Container Engine.
Jul 28 12:39:11 jonas-X555LAB systemd[1]: docker.service: Unit entered failed state.
Jul 28 12:39:11 jonas-X555LAB systemd[1]: docker.service: Failed with result 'exit-code'.
dpkg: error processing package docker-ce (--configure):
 subprocess installed post-installation script returned error exit status 1
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.23-0ubuntu9) ...
Processing triggers for systemd (229-4ubuntu19) ...
Processing triggers for ureadahead (0.100.0-19) ...
Errors were encountered while processing:
 docker-ce
E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)

私はこのガイドに従いました：https：//www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-install-and-use-docker-on-ubuntu-16-04

$ curl -fsSL https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu/gpg | sudo apt-key add -
$ sudo add-apt-repository "deb [arch=amd64] https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu $(lsb_release -cs) stable"
sudo apt-get update

$ sudo apt-cache policy docker-ce
docker-ce:
  Installed: 17.06.0~ce-0~ubuntu
  Candidate: 17.06.0~ce-0~ubuntu
  Version table:
 *** 17.06.0~ce-0~ubuntu 500
        500 https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu xenial/stable amd64 Packages
        500 https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu xenial/edge amd64 Packages
        100 /var/lib/dpkg/status
     17.05.0~ce-0~ubuntu-xenial 500
        500 https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu xenial/edge amd64 Packages
     17.04.0~ce-0~ubuntu-xenial 500
        500 https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu xenial/edge amd64 Packages
     17.03.2~ce-0~ubuntu-xenial 500
        500 https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu xenial/stable amd64 Packages
     17.03.1~ce-0~ubuntu-xenial 500
        500 https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu xenial/stable amd64 Packages
     17.03.0~ce-0~ubuntu-xenial 500
        500 https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu xenial/stable amd64 Packages

$ sudo apt-get install -y docker-ce

この同じマシンに、Dockerが正常に機能するLinux Mint17.3がインストールされています。LM17.3で以前と同じホームディレクトリを使用します。

ここにいくつかの仕様があります：

$ inxi -fs
CPU:       Dual core Intel Core i3-4005U (-HT-MCP-) cache: 3072 KB 
           clock speeds: max: 1600 MHz 1: 799 MHz 2: 799 MHz 3: 799 MHz 4: 799 MHz
           CPU Flags: abm acpi aes aperfmperf apic arat arch_perfmon avx avx2 bmi1 bmi2 bts clflush cmov
           constant_tsc cx16 cx8 de ds_cpl dtes64 dtherm dts epb ept erms est f16c flexpriority fma fpu fsgsbase
           fxsr ht invpcid lahf_lm lm mca mce mmx monitor movbe msr mtrr nonstop_tsc nopl nx pae pat pbe pcid
           pclmulqdq pdcm pdpe1gb pebs pge pln pni popcnt pse pse36 pts rdrand rdtscp rep_good sdbg sep smep ss
           sse sse2 sse4_1 sse4_2 ssse3 syscall tm tm2 tpr_shadow tsc tsc_adjust tsc_deadline_timer vme vmx vnmi
           vpid xsave xsaveopt xtopology xtpr
Sensors:   System Temperatures: cpu: 40.5C mobo: N/A
           Fan Speeds (in rpm): cpu: 2800