Good practice for parent model field udpate with mongoose

I have 3 models having this relationship:

Course ==> [Chapter] ==> Quiz

i.e., I have a Course model containing an array of ObjectId referencing Chapter documents, and my Chapter model contains an ObjectId referencing a Quiz document.

In my Course schema definition, I have a lastUpdated field which stores the date at which the last modification of the course was performed.

Schemas definition are given below:

Course schema:

let courseScheme = mongoose.Schema(
    {
        title: { type: String, required: true },
        nbChapters: { type: Number, default: 0 },
        chapters: { type: [mongoose.Schema.Types.ObjectId], default: [], ref: 'Chapter' },
        lastUpdated: { type: Date, default: Date.now() }, // I want this field to be updated if I create/update/delete a reference or a transitive reference of this document
    }
);

Chapter schema:

let chapterScheme = mongoose.Schema(
    {
        chapterName: {type: String, required: true},
        chapterIndex: {type: Number, required: true}, // used to sort chapters on client side (for ex: in navigation menu)
        course: { type: mongoose.Schema.Types.ObjectId, required: true, ref: 'Course' },
        quizzId: {type: mongoose.Schema.Types.ObjectId, ref: 'Quiz'},
        // some more fields
    }
);

Quiz schema:

let quizScheme = mongoose.Schema(
    {
        questions: [
            {
                questionIndex: {type: Number, required: true}, // used to sort questions on client side
                type: {type: String, required: true, enum: ['MultiSelect', 'Select', 'Input']},
                question: {type: String, required: true}
                // some more fields
            },
        ]
    }
);

I'd like to know if there's any good practice to update the lastUpdated field in my course document, if I make a modification to any of its child (direct/indirect). For example, if I add a new quiz reference to a chapter of a given course, how would one update the lastUpdated field of the corresponding course?

I've thought of doing the following:

• Using hooks to update this field everytime I update/save a new child document of a course
• Directly query the parent course and update its field whenever required

PS: I'm not asking for code as an answer, just some hints about what are common good practices for this kind of operations.