What is the implementation difference between static variable and static field?

It's actually very easy to check what the compiler would have to do to implement static variables in C#.

C# is designed to be compiled to CIL (Common Intermediate Language). C++, which supports static variables, can also be compiled to CIL.

Let's see what happens when we do it. First, let's consider the following simple class:

public ref class Class1
{
private:
    static int i = 0;

public:
    int M() {
        static int i = 0;
        i++;
        return i;
    }

    int M2() {
        i++;
        return i;
    }
};

}

Two methods, same behavior - i initialized to 0, incremented and returned each time the methods are called. Let's compare the IL.

.method public hidebysig instance int32  M() cil managed
{
  // Code size       20 (0x14)
  .maxstack  2
  .locals ([0] int32 V_0)
  IL_0000:  ldsfld     int32 '?i@?1??M@Class1@CppClassLibrary@@Q$AAMHXZ@4HA'
  IL_0005:  ldc.i4.1
  IL_0006:  add
  IL_0007:  stsfld     int32 '?i@?1??M@Class1@CppClassLibrary@@Q$AAMHXZ@4HA'
  IL_000c:  ldsfld     int32 '?i@?1??M@Class1@CppClassLibrary@@Q$AAMHXZ@4HA'
  IL_0011:  stloc.0
  IL_0012:  ldloc.0
  IL_0013:  ret
} // end of method Class1::M

.method public hidebysig instance int32  M2() cil managed
{
  // Code size       20 (0x14)
  .maxstack  2
  .locals ([0] int32 V_0)
  IL_0000:  ldsfld     int32 CppClassLibrary.Class1::i
  IL_0005:  ldc.i4.1
  IL_0006:  add
  IL_0007:  stsfld     int32 CppClassLibrary.Class1::i
  IL_000c:  ldsfld     int32 CppClassLibrary.Class1::i
  IL_0011:  stloc.0
  IL_0012:  ldloc.0
  IL_0013:  ret
} // end of method Class1::M2

The same. The only difference is the field name. It uses characters that are legal in CIL, but illegal in C++ so that the same name cannot be used in C++ code. C# compilers use this trick very often for auto-generated fields. The only difference is that the static variable cannot be accessed via reflection - I don't know how it's done.

Let's move to a more interesting example.

int M3(int a) {
    static int i = a;
    i++;
    return i;
}

Now the fun begins. The static variable cannot be initialized at compile-time anymore. It has to be done at run-time. And the compiler has to make sure it's only initialized once, so it has to be thread-safe.

The resulting CIL is

.method public hidebysig instance int32  M3(int32 a) cil managed
{
  // Code size       73 (0x49)
  .maxstack  2
  .locals ([0] int32 V_0)
  IL_0000:  ldsflda    int32 '?$TSS0@?1??M3@Class1@CppClassLibrary@@Q$AAMHH@Z@4HA'                                              
  IL_0005:  call       void _Init_thread_header_m(int32 modreq([mscorlib]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.IsVolatile)*)
  IL_000a:  ldsfld     int32 '?$TSS0@?1??M3@Class1@CppClassLibrary@@Q$AAMHH@Z@4HA'
  IL_000f:  ldc.i4.m1
  IL_0010:  bne.un.s   IL_0035
  .try
  {
    IL_0012:  ldarg.1
    IL_0013:  stsfld     int32 '?i@?1??M3@Class1@CppClassLibrary@@Q$AAMHH@Z@4HA'
    IL_0018:  leave.s    IL_002b
  }  // end .try
  fault
  {
    IL_001a:  ldftn      void _Init_thread_abort_m(int32 modreq([mscorlib]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.IsVolatile)*)
    IL_0020:  ldsflda    int32 '?$TSS0@?1??M3@Class1@CppClassLibrary@@Q$AAMHH@Z@4HA'
    IL_0025:  call       void ___CxxCallUnwindDtor(method void *(void*),
                                                   void*)
    IL_002a:  endfinally
  }  // end handler
  IL_002b:  ldsflda    int32 '?$TSS0@?1??M3@Class1@CppClassLibrary@@Q$AAMHH@Z@4HA'
  IL_0030:  call       void _Init_thread_footer_m(int32 modreq([mscorlib]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.IsVolatile)*)
  IL_0035:  ldsfld     int32 '?i@?1??M3@Class1@CppClassLibrary@@Q$AAMHH@Z@4HA'
  IL_003a:  ldc.i4.1
  IL_003b:  add
  IL_003c:  stsfld     int32 '?i@?1??M3@Class1@CppClassLibrary@@Q$AAMHH@Z@4HA'
  IL_0041:  ldsfld     int32 '?i@?1??M3@Class1@CppClassLibrary@@Q$AAMHH@Z@4HA'
  IL_0046:  stloc.0
  IL_0047:  ldloc.0
  IL_0048:  ret
} // end of method Class1::M3

Looks much more complicated. A second static field, something that looks like a critical section (although I can't find any information about the _Init_thread_* methods).

It doesn't look so trivial anymore. Performance suffers too. IMHO, it was a good decision not to implement static variables in C#.

To summarize,

To support static variables the C# compiler would have to:

1. Create a private static field for the variable, making sure the name is unique and cannot be used directly in C# code.
2. Make this field invisible via reflection.
3. If the initialization cannot be done at compile-time, make it thread-safe.

It doesn't seem much, but if you combine several features like this one, the complexity rises exponentially.

And the only thing you get in return is an easy, compiler-provided, thread-safe initialization.

It's not a good idea to add a feature to a language only because other languages support it. Add the feature when it's really needed. The C# design team already made this mistake with array covariance