Unwanted React Component rerender?

When you add a new question, and update the Questions components state variable questions (Array type), the whole component (Questions and its children) goes through an update process where it recalculates the output DOM tree (a virtual DOM) based on the new state and compares it to the pre-state-change virtual DOM. Before anything is 'rerendered' it checks to see if the virtual DOMs of the two versions are different among other things, if they are it will rerender the parts that change as efficiently as possible.

In your case, the recalculation sees many Answers component inside of many Question and since Answers doesn't have any props, it is basically a fresh render to its initial state which includes 4 empty inputs. The simplest solution I can think of is in the state of the Questions component, make sure each object in the this.state.questions Array has an answers attribute (of type Array of Objects). In the addQuestion method modify var newQuestion = { uniqueId: uuid(), question: "" }; to includes this data on the answers related to that question.

Then when rendering each individual question, pass this answer data (Array of answers) as a prop to Answers and in turn to each individual Answer component based on the index (an Object or a String). At the same time, you must pass an updateAnswers method as a prop to Question that in turn is passed to Answers and Answer, that is called when an Answers input field is changed. The question id and the id of the answer needs to be passed to this method to ultimately modify the answer data that should be now stored in the state of the Questions component. I adjusted the code from the sandbox below to work along these lines, although I didn't make sure to cleanup all the damage:

import React, { Component } from "react";
import "./App.css";

var uuid = require("uuid-v4");
// Generate a new UUID
var myUUID = uuid();
// Validate a UUID as proper V4 format
uuid.isUUID(myUUID); // true

class DropZone extends Component {
  constructor(props) {
    super(props);
    this.state = {
      file: "",
      fileId: uuid(),
      className: "dropZone"
    };
    this.handleChange = this.handleChange.bind(this);
    this._onDragEnter = this._onDragEnter.bind(this);
    this._onDragLeave = this._onDragLeave.bind(this);
    this._onDragOver = this._onDragOver.bind(this);
    this._onDrop = this._onDrop.bind(this);
  }

  handleChange(file = "") {
    this.setState({
      file: URL.createObjectURL(file)
    });
    //document.getElementsByClassName("dropZone").style.backgroundImage = 'url(' + this.state.file + ')';
  }

  componentDidMount() {
    window.addEventListener("mouseup", this._onDragLeave);
    window.addEventListener("dragenter", this._onDragEnter);
    window.addEventListener("dragover", this._onDragOver);
    document
      .getElementById("dragbox")
      .addEventListener("dragleave", this._onDragLeave);
    window.addEventListener("drop", this._onDrop);
  }

  componentWillUnmount() {
    window.removeEventListener("mouseup", this._onDragLeave);
    window.removeEventListener("dragenter", this._onDragEnter);
    window.addEventListener("dragover", this._onDragOver);
    document
      .getElementById("dragbox")
      .removeEventListener("dragleave", this._onDragLeave);
    window.removeEventListener("drop", this._onDrop);
  }

  _onDragEnter(e) {
    e.stopPropagation();
    e.preventDefault();
    return false;
  }

  _onDragOver(e) {
    e.preventDefault();
    e.stopPropagation();
    return false;
  }

  _onDragLeave(e) {
    e.stopPropagation();
    e.preventDefault();
    return false;
  }

  _onDrop(e, event) {
    e.preventDefault();
    this.handleChange(e.dataTransfer.files[0]);
    let files = e.dataTransfer.files;
    console.log("Files dropped: ", files);
    // Upload files
    console.log(this.state.file);
    return false;
  }

  render() {
    const uniqueId = this.state.fileId;
    return (
      <div>
        <input
          type="file"
          id={uniqueId}
          name={uniqueId}
          class="inputFile"
          onChange={e => this.handleChange(e.target.files[0])}
        />
        <label htmlFor={uniqueId} value={this.state.file}>
          {this.props.children}
          <div className="dropZone" id="dragbox" onChange={this.handleChange}>
            Drop or Choose File
            <img src={this.state.file} id="pic" name="file" accept="image/*" />
          </div>
        </label>
        <div />
      </div>
    );
  }
}

class Answers extends Component {
  constructor(props) {
    super(props);
    this.state = {
      answers: props.answers,
    };
    this.handleUpdate = this.handleUpdate.bind(this);
  }

  // let event = {
  //   index: 1,
  //   value: 'hello'
  // };
  handleUpdate(event) {
    //if ("1" == 1) // true
    //if ("1" === 1) //false
    // var answers = this.state.answers;
    // answers[event.index] = event.value;
    // this.setState(() => ({
    //   answers: answers
    // }));

    var answers = this.state.answers.slice();

    for (var i = 0; i < answers.length; i++) {
      if (answers[i].answerId == event.answerId) {
        answers[i].answer = event.value;
        break;
      }
    }
    this.setState(() => ({
      answers: answers
    }));
    this.props.updateAnswers(answers)

    console.log(event);
  }

  render() {
    return (
      <div id="answers">
        Answer Choices<br />
        {this.state.answers.map((value, index) => (
          <Answer
            key={`${value}-${index}`}
            onUpdate={this.handleUpdate}
            value={value}
            number={index}
            name="answer"
          />
        ))}
      </div>
    );
  }
}

class Answer extends Component {
  constructor(props) {
    super(props);
    this.state = {
      answer: props.value.answer,
      answerId: props.value.answerId,
      isCorrect: props.value.isCorrect,
    };
    this.handleChange = this.handleChange.bind(this);
  }

  handleChange(event) {
    const target = event.target;
    const value = target.type === "checkbox" ? target.checked : target.value;
    this.setState({
      answer: value
    });
    this.props.onUpdate({
      answerId: this.state.answerId,
      value
    });

    // let sample = {
    //   kyle: "toast",
    //   cam: "pine"
    // };

    // sample.kyle
    // sample.cam
  }
  render() {
    return (
      <div>
        <input type="checkbox" />
        <input
          type="text"
          value={this.state.answer}
          onChange={this.handleChange}
          key={this.state.answerId}
          name="answer"
        />
        {/*console.log(this.state.answerId)*/}
      </div>
    );
  }
}

var questionIdx = 0;

class Questions extends Component {
  constructor(props) {
    super(props);
    this.state = {
      questions: []
    };
    this.handleUpdate = this.handleUpdate.bind(this);
    this.handleUpdate = this.handleUpdate.bind(this);
    this.removeQuestion = this.removeQuestion.bind(this);
  }

  handleUpdate(event) {
    //if ("1" == 1) // true
    //if ("1" === 1) //false
    var questions = this.state.questions.slice();

    for (var i = 0; i < questions.length; i++) {
      if (questions[i].uniqueId == event.uniqueId) {
        questions[i].question = event.value;
        break;
      }
    }
    this.setState(() => ({
      questions: questions
    }));

    console.log(event, questions);
  }

  updateAnswers(answers, uniqueId) {
    const questions = this.state.questions
    questions.forEach((question) => {
      if (question.uniqueId === uniqueId) {
        question.answers = answers
      }
    })
    this.setState({
      questions,
    })
  }

  addQuestion = question => {
    questionIdx++;
    var newQuestion = { 
      uniqueId: uuid(),
      question: "",
      answers: [
        { answer: "", answerId: uuid(), isCorrect: false,},
        { answer: "", answerId: uuid(), isCorrect: false,},
        { answer: "", answerId: uuid(), isCorrect: false,},
        { answer: "", answerId: uuid(), isCorrect: false,}]
      }
    this.setState(prevState => ({
      questions: [...prevState.questions, newQuestion]
    }));
    return { questions: newQuestion };
  };

  removeQuestion(uniqueId, questions) {
    this.setState(({ questions }) => {
      var questionRemoved = this.state.questions.filter(
        props => props.uniqueId !== uniqueId
      );
      return { questions: questionRemoved };
    });
    console.log(
      "remove button",
      uniqueId,
      JSON.stringify(this.state.questions, null, " ")
    );
  }

  render() {
    return (
      <div id="questions">
        <ol id="quesitonsList">
          {this.state.questions.map((value, index) => (
            <li key={value.uniqueId}>
              {
                <RemoveQuestionButton
                  onClick={this.removeQuestion}
                  value={value.uniqueId}
                />
              }
              {
                <Question
                  onUpdate={this.handleUpdate}
                  value={value}
                  number={index}
                  updateAnswers={(answers) => this.updateAnswers(answers, value.uniqueId) }
                />
              }
              {<br />}
            </li>
          ))}
        </ol>
        <AddQuestionButton onClick={this.addQuestion} />
      </div>
    );
  }
}

class Question extends Component {
  constructor(props) {
    super(props);
    this.state = {
      question: props.value.question,
      uniqueId: props.value.uniqueId,
      answers: props.value.answers,
    };
    this.handleChange = this.handleChange.bind(this);
  }
  handleChange(event) {
    const target = event.target;
    const value = target.type === "checkbox" ? target.checked : target.value;
    this.setState({
      question: value
    });
    this.props.onUpdate({
      uniqueId: this.state.uniqueId,
      value
    });
  }

  render() {
    return (
      <div id={"questionDiv" + questionIdx} key={myUUID + questionIdx + 1}>
        Question<br />
        <input
          type="text"
          value={this.state.question}
          onChange={this.handleChange}
          key={this.state.uniqueId}
          name="question"
        />
        <DropZone />
        <Answers updateAnswers={this.props.updateAnswers} answers={this.state.answers} />
      </div>
    );
  }
}

class IntroFields extends Component {
  constructor(props) {
    super(props);
    this.state = {
      title: "",
      author: ""
    };
    this.handleChange = this.handleChange.bind(this);
  }

  handleChange(event) {
    const target = event.target;
    const value = target.type === "checkbox" ? target.checked : target.value;
    const name = target.name;
    console.log([name]);
    this.setState((previousState, props) => ({
      [name]: value
    }));
  }

  render() {
    return (
      <div id="IntroFields">
        Title:{" "}
        <input
          type="text"
          value={this.state.title}
          onChange={this.handleChange}
          name="title"
        />
        Author:{" "}
        <input
          type="text"
          value={this.state.author}
          onChange={this.handleChange}
          name="author"
        />
      </div>
    );
  }
}

class AddQuestionButton extends Component {
  addQuestion = () => {
    this.props.onClick();
  };

  render() {
    return (
      <div id="addQuestionButtonDiv">
        <button id="button" onClick={this.addQuestion} />
        <label id="addQuestionButton" onClick={this.addQuestion}>
          Add Question
        </label>
      </div>
    );
  }
}

class RemoveQuestionButton extends Component {
  removeQuestion = () => {
    this.props.onClick(this.props.value);
  };

  render() {
    return (
      <div id="removeQuestionButtonDiv">
        <button id="button" onClick={this.removeQuestion} key={uuid()} />
        <label
          id="removeQuestionButton"
          onClick={this.removeQuestion}
          key={uuid()}
        >
          Remove Question
        </label>
      </div>
    );
  }
}

class BuilderForm extends Component {
  render() {
    return (
      <div id="formDiv">
        <IntroFields />
        <Questions />
      </div>
    );
  }
}
export default BuilderForm;