如何强制刷新连接的硬件？

Scan for hardware changes is the method. You indicate having used that method and it hangs on the scan? That method is not usually required for proper detection.

Is it hanging on some device?
For that you remove any extra things and scan, to attempt to detect what device may cause it to hang.

Could it be a "filter" or added driver thing in the driver that hangs?
For that you check the driver details. See if there are added "features" tossed into the drivers shown there that do not always help.

A filter usually manifests itself a different way, but it can cause a USB hang (information for finding the filter added to USB is needed here).

It could be better if the few Windows updates for USB were in?
If you rolled back, or re-installed or brought in some clone backup, or never updated, the Windows USB updates may not be in there. One USB update in Windows 7 was very useful, and the other fixed updating the USB (an update that fixed the fact it did not update).

It may not have proper drivers for the controller and hubs.
Check the manufacturers of the computer for chipset or USB drivers. Like an Intel chipset driver package will have Intel USB controller items. Sometimes this is just a renaming of the device, not an actual change of the driver.

3.0 USB drivers are more often very necessary and have gone though more revisions (after the release of Windows 7).

A device has fallen to sleep.
The combination of device and driver do not wake up well (some 3.0), the scan does not wake the device, or the scan hangs. Remove the offending device and re-insert. It probably will wake up.

Mess made by plugging things in every port could be cleaned.
Prefer not to start juggling USB items to all the ports as each insertion to different ports makes another entry in the registry. It is possible to cleanup all this extra stuff by doing the "hidden devices" tweak, enabling to show hidden devices, and cleaning up all the ghosted replications and unused items.

假设您有一个原始的检测问题，一个提示。
Windows声音包含3种在识别和连接USB设备时起作用的声音：“设备断开连接”，“设备连接”和“设备连接失败”。将声音应用到您容易识别的那3个声音上。如果设备未发出连接声音，则将无法连接。然后继续将东西塞进港口通常是没有结果的浪费时间。某些事情很可能是错误的，并且不可能自行修复。