在Dell Inspiron 14 7490上安装Ubuntu

debugcn 发表于 Dev

去反感

如何在Dell Inspiron 14 7490笔记本电脑上安装Kubuntu ？

我的一个朋友在圣诞节收到了这台笔记本电脑，想在Linux上使用它。更具体地说，我们想安装Kubuntu 19.10，但是到了这一步，我们变得绝望了，可以满足任何发行版的需要。主要问题是笔记本电脑只有一个SSD，但是Linux无法检测到它，因此我们无法在安装程序中选择它。

到目前为止我们所做的

编辑：我们的上一次尝试可以追溯到2020-02-02

编辑（2020-04-09）：BIOS v1.4.1仍然存在问题

下载并安装所有的来自戴尔的网站上最新的驱动程序。特别是，我们更新了BIOS驱动程序：初始版本为1.1.1，我们安装了该版本1.3.0。（该版本1.1.1甚至无法启动到Kubuntu的实时USB中）
kubuntu-19.10-desktop-amd64.iso从官方网站下载。我们检查了校验和是否正确。
使用Rufus创建可引导的USB驱动器。我们将分区方案设置为MBR，将目标系统设置为BIOS or UEFI并将文件系统设置为FAT32。
重新启动至固件（UEFI）
将POST时间设置为5秒
将“ UEFI引导路径安全性”设置为 Never
禁用安全启动（否则会出现Initramfs unpacking failed错误）。
套用变更
进入启动菜单（在启动过程中使用F12键）
选择USB驱动器。
USB驱动器启动进入grub。选择“启动Kubuntu（安全图形）”，默认选项（“启动Kubuntu”）将导致黑屏。
选择“尝试Ubuntu”，它将启动实时USB桌面会话。我们可以连接到WiFi，使用Firefox，打开终端。此时，我们可以运行一些命令以更好地了解系统。以下是一些结果：
```
ls -alR /dev
```
输出
```
lshw
```
输出
```
lsblk
```
输出
```
cat /var/log/syslog
```
输出
运行“安装Kubuntu”程序。在我们应该选择硬盘驱动器的步骤中，它崩溃了。

我们陷入困境的地方

主要问题是未检测到笔记本电脑的SSD。它阻止安装程序格式化硬盘驱动器并安装Linux。有许多人遇到此问题的报告（请参阅下面的链接）。我将总结对这个问题的理解，并希望找到可行的解决方案。

缩略语

首先，一些缩写词：

SATA是用于连接硬盘驱动器的技术。它可以在多种模式下运行，例如AHCI或Intel RST。
AHCI是Intel标准化的SATA模式。它用作硬件和操作系统之间的接口：所有操作系统都可以使用它与硬盘驱动器进行通信。
RAID是一项将多个物理硬盘驱动器用作单个逻辑（“虚拟”）硬盘驱动器的技术。通过在多个物理驱动器上复制数据，它可以更好地抵抗硬盘驱动器故障。
英特尔快速存储技术（Intel RST）是Windows应用程序，“为配备SATA磁盘的系统提供改进的性能和可靠性”。它具有称为“ RAID”的功能，该功能是可与单个驱动器一起使用的软件解决方案。在Intel之外，它通常被称为“假RAID”，因为它需要特殊的软件支持，而不是使用多个物理驱动器并且对操作系统透明。Linux不支持此功能。

Dell Inspiron 14 7490 BIOS

BIOS菜单具有“系统配置”部分，可用于配置硬盘驱动器对操作系统的显示方式：“ SATA操作”。这是此笔记本电脑（BIOS版本1.2.1）上本节的外观：

有两种模式：

“已禁用”：SSD已完全禁用，您根本无法访问它。
“ RAID”：这不会启用真正的RAID（显然，这台笔记本电脑中只有一个SSD），但会启用Intel RST（又称假RAID）。也称为“ AHCI + RAID”，因为它使用“重新映射的AHCI”。

以前的戴尔笔记本电脑具有不同的BIOS。在我的Dell XPS 15 9560上，我具有以下菜单：

它具有一个额外的“ AHCI”选项，该选项在Dell Inspiron 14 7490（BIOS v1.2.1）上不可用。

Linux does not support Intel RST currently and requires the SATA mode to be AHCI. Otherwise it cannot communicate with the SSD. Since direct "AHCI" is not available on the Inspiron laptop, it prevents the installation of Linux.

Potential solutions

BIOS update to provide the AHCI option again

I've been using Dell laptops with Linux for a long time because because they had the reputation that it would "just work". This reputation played when I helped my friend chose a laptop: I expected the installation to go smoothly. This whole situation where they release a laptop with a new BIOS preventing from even installing Linux severely damaged their image. There are multiple threads on the Dell forums complaining about this issue (here is the most commented on).

A possible solution would be for Dell to simply release a BIOS update that unlocks the "AHCI" SATA mode. It would allow to select this mode and install Linux without further issues. This would be the ideal solution, but I don't know how reactive Dell is about these issues. I don't even know if they'll ever release this kind of patch. Opening support requests about this issue may raise the priority of a BIOS update.

Add Intel RST support to the Linux Kernel

An other solution would be to enable Linux to work in Intel RST mode. The most recent discussion I could find on Linux Kernel Mailing List dates from June 2019. The proposed patch in this discussion was declined.

From what I could understand, supporting Intel RST in the Linux Kernel is hard for two reasons: a complex protocol and lacking documentation. When enabling "Intel RST", the BIOS does in fact exposes the SSD through a "remapped AHCI" that looks like AHCI but does not behave like AHCI. The Kernel can detect that the SSD is in remapped mode, but can't use it. It can't use it because this technology is under-documented currently preventing from them from properly implementing it. In the syslog posted above, we can see the step where it warns that the drive is remapped:

Feb  2 18:21:34 kubuntu kernel: [    1.082521] ahci 0000:00:17.0: version 3.0
Feb  2 18:21:34 kubuntu kernel: [    1.083006] ahci 0000:00:17.0: Found 1 remapped NVMe devices.
Feb  2 18:21:34 kubuntu kernel: [    1.083007] ahci 0000:00:17.0: Switch your BIOS from RAID to AHCI mode to use them.
Feb  2 18:21:34 kubuntu kernel: [    1.083096] ahci 0000:00:17.0: AHCI 0001.0301 32 slots 16 ports 3 Gbps 0x0 impl RAID mode
Feb  2 18:21:34 kubuntu kernel: [    1.083098] ahci 0000:00:17.0: flags: 64bit ncq sntf pm clo only pio slum part deso sadm sds apst

I don't know when or even if the Kernel will add support for AHCI remapped SSD. If more laptops are released where "Intel RST" is the only option, they may have no choice.

I haven't tried the kernel patch. As mentioned above, I am helping a friend who wants to use Ubuntu: since it's not my laptop I prefer to avoid trying out custom patches.

Use dmraid

One of the comments to this question mentioned that Intel RST is supported through dmraid. This thread asks to boot into live USB and run the following command before starting the installer: "dmraid --erase_metadata --raid_devices /dev/XdY where X and Y denote the SSDs you're using".

The problem with this solution is that Linux can't see the SSD at all. lsblk only displays loop0 and /dev/sda (corresponding to the pendrive). When looking into /dev, there is no /dev/sdb or /dev/nvmeX drive.

Conclusion

Ultimately my question is "How can I install Kubuntu (or Ubuntu) on this laptop?".

My conclusion is that it is currently impossible to install Linux on this laptop. We have to wait for an update from either Dell or Linux. If someone finds out a solution, please answer this question. I am also disappointed in Dell's laptops and will be more reticent to recommend them in the future.

References

Florent Bayle

I have just installed Lubuntu 20.04 on this laptop. It's possible, but not easy.

Intel RST support in the Linux Kernel

As you said in your question, there were some patches proposed to enable Linux to work in Intel RST mode. The patches were refused in the official Linux branch, but Daniel Drake, who proposed the patches, is working on Endless OS, a Linux based OS, and they maintain an updated version of this patch in their version of the Linux kernel available on GitHub. This kernel is based on Ubuntu's kernel, and they rebase a set of patches on top of it every time they update it, including the patch to support Intel remapped NVMe devices.

Knowing that, you now have two choices :

Install Endless OS

at this point we are getting desperate and would settle for any distribution

If you don't mind, you can just install Endless OS, and it should work out of the box. Go to https://endlessos.com/download/, download the Basic Multilanguage image, and follow the instructions to create an USB stick from Linux. Or follow the instructions to create an USB stick from Windows.

Use Endless OS's kernel on Ubuntu

This one is a lot harder, and you need a lot of technical knowledge.

The idea is to pull and build the kernel from the Endlessm repository on GitHub, and use these packages as a custom kernel on Ubuntu.

For that, you have to pull the Git repository :

git pull https://github.com/endlessm/linux/

Install the necessary build dependencies :

sudo apt install build-essential fakeroot
sudo apt build-dep linux

Build the packages :

cd linux/
fakeroot debian/rules clean
fakeroot debian/rules binary

After a long time, you will then have a lot of .deb files created in the parent directory.

From there, you can use them to create a custom Ubuntu install CD (I haven't done that, but it should be possible).

Or, you can use Endless OS live version to :

launch a shell (Alt-F2 and type xterm to get a terminal),
partition your NVME drive using cfdisk and mkfs.ext4,
decompress a minimal instance of Ubuntu on your new partition (I have used the squashfs from Lubuntu),
mount bind /dev /run /var/run in it,
mount /proc /sys in it,
chroot into it and do the minimum configuration to get a working system (/etc/hosts, /etc/hostname, /etc/resolv.conf, /etc/fstab, install and configure grub, configure tzdata and keyboard-configuration, add a new user)
install your new kernel packages in the chroot.

You may have to turn Secure Boot off in the kernel to be able to boot on your kernel.

I won't detail the full process, as I don't exactly remember all the steps, but I managed to get a working system with a custom kernel. There were some problems with nouveau when suspending/rebooting, but since I have installed the nvidia driver, everything is working correctly.

Nvme drive is recognized as /dev/nvme0n1. From dmesg :

[    0.630319] intel-nvme-remap 0000:00:17.0: Found 1 remapped NVMe devices
[    0.630357] intel-nvme-remap 0000:00:17.0: PCI host bridge to bus 10000:00

lsblk output :

NAME        MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
nvme0n1     259:0    0 953,9G  0 disk 
├─nvme0n1p1 259:1    0   680M  0 part /boot/efi
├─nvme0n1p2 259:2    0   128M  0 part 
├─nvme0n1p3 259:3    0 105,7G  0 part 
├─nvme0n1p4 259:4    0   990M  0 part 
├─nvme0n1p5 259:5    0    15G  0 part 
├─nvme0n1p6 259:6    0   1,3G  0 part 
├─nvme0n1p7 259:7    0    30G  0 part /
└─nvme0n1p8 259:8    0 800,1G  0 part /home

If you use a custom kernel, you may also want to pin the version you are using to avoid it being replaced with the default version when upgrading.

In /etc/apt/preferences.d/linux-image-generic (I haven't tested it yet) :

Package: linux-image-generic
Pin: release a=now
Pin-Priority: 501

Warning

仅当您知道自己在做什么时，才应使用此处描述的方法。Endless OS内核中的内核补丁已被官方内核拒绝，我不能保证它的质量。我不能保证它会长期维护并移植到新版本的内核中。

如果您使用自定义内核安装Ubuntu，则必须自己管理所有内核更新。我希望此修复程序只是暂时的，直到Dell发布具有AHCI模式支持的BIOS版本，但可能不会发生。

内核还包括您可能需要查看的其他补丁。您可能还必须从Endlessm存储库中构建和安装其他软件包，例如linux-firmware，因为其中一些补丁程序是为了添加对官方Linux内核当前不支持的新硬件的支持。

本文收集自互联网，转载请注明来源。

如有侵权，请联系[email protected] 删除。

编辑于2021-06-2

我来说两句

0条评论

登录后参与评论

来自分类Dev

Related 相关文章

文章